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C2 القواعد

C2التماسك25 دقيقة

الحذف والاستبدال في الخطاب

Ellipsis and substitution in discourse

تجنّب التكرار باستخدام so وnot وone وdo so والجمل المختصرة، وتعرّف على أنواع الحذف التي تبدو طبيعية.

يتجنب المتحدثون والكتّاب الطليقون تكرار كلمات يستطيع المستمع أن يستنتجها بسهولة. الحذف (Ellipsis) يترك الكلمات، والاستبدال (Substitution) يضع مكانها صيغة قصيرة مثل so, not, one, do so أو the same. كلتا الوسيلتين تجعل النص متماسكًا، لكن لا يجوز حذف إلا كلمات معينة.

الأداةمثالالصيغة الكاملة
Infinitive without its verbYou can stay if you want to.... want to stay.
so / not after think, hope, suspect, be afraidWill it rain? I'm afraid so / not.... afraid that it will / will not.
if so / if notIf not, we shall cancel.If it is not approved, ...
one / onesHe bought a new one.... a new laptop.
do so, do the sameShe resigned, and he did the same.... he resigned.
than + reduced clauseIt went better than expected.... than it was expected to.
reduced time clauseWhen asked, she refused.When she was asked, ...
so / neither / nor + auxiliaryThe staff agreed, and so did the chair.... the chair agreed too.

لاحظ الفرق بين Neither did I وNor did I وSo did I: الأوليان تتبعان جملة منفية، والأخيرة تتبع جملة مثبتة. وبعد than تصحّ الصيغة المختصرة (than expected) والصيغة الكاملة (than was expected)، لكن الجملة المختصرة أشيع في الكتابة الرسمية.

  • Will the funding be approved? If not, we shall cancel the trip.
  • Some students took notes by hand and others typed them.
  • The committee has not met, nor is it expected to before May.
  • I wanted to attend but wasn't able to.
  • When asked about the delay, the manager said she had not been told.

التمرين 1 من 2

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة

اختر الخيار الذي يكمل كل جملة بشكل صحيح.

  1. Are the results ready? I don't think _____; the lab is still running tests.

  2. Will the funding be approved? If _____, we shall have to cancel the trip.

  3. The first draft was weak, but the second was far better than _____.

  4. Kofi's old laptop kept crashing, so he bought a new _____.

  5. She promised to call, but she never _____.

  6. The delegates welcomed the proposal, and _____ did the chair.

  7. When _____ about the delay, the manager said she had not been told.

  8. "Would you like to join us?" "I'd love _____ , but I have an exam tomorrow."

تمت الإجابة عن 0 من 8

التمرين 2 من 2

أكمل الجملة

اكتب الكلمة الناقصة. استخدم كلمة واحدة ما لم تتطلب الجملة أكثر.

  1. Lena offered to help, and her brother did .

  2. Are there any seats left? I'm afraid ; the hall is full.

  3. The old system was slower than necessary.

  4. You can stay if you to, but nobody expects it.

  5. I wanted to attend the lecture but wasn't able .

  6. Ravi booked the larger room; Aiko preferred the small .

  7. The committee has not yet met, nor it expected to do so before May.

  8. Some students took notes by hand and typed them.

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المصدر

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