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C1 القواعد

C1الأفعال الناقصة22 دقيقة

الأفعال الناقصة مع التام: التخمين عن الماضي

Modal perfects: speculating about the past

استخدم must have وcan't have وmight have وshould have للحكم على أحداث الماضي بدرجة اليقين المناسبة.

لا نستطيع دائمًا أن نكون متأكدين مما حدث في الماضي. تتيح لنا الأفعال الناقصة + have + اسم المفعول (Modal verbs + have + past participle) أن نبيّن مدى يقيننا، أو أن نعلّق على أمور كان ينبغي أن تحدث أو لا تحدث. وفي المستوى المتقدم عليك أيضًا أن تجمعها مع صيغ الاستمرار والمبني للمجهول.

المعنىالصيغةمثال
Almost certain (positive)must have + past participleThe lights are off, so they must have gone home.
Almost certain (negative)can't / couldn't have + past participleThat can't have been Kofi; he's in Madrid this week.
Possiblemay / might / could have + past participleThe keys might have fallen out of my pocket.
Possibly notmay not / might not have + past participleHe might not have heard the phone ringing.
Expected but did not happenshould / ought to have + past participleThe parcel should have arrived by Friday.
Unnecessary actionneedn't have + past participleYou needn't have brought so much food.
Longer activitymodal + have been + -ingShe looked exhausted. She must have been working for hours.
Passivemodal + have been + past participleThe contract may have been signed last week.

لاحظ الفرق بين couldn't have وneedn't have. تفيد الأولى أن أمرًا كان مستحيلًا (She couldn't have known)، بينما تفيد الثانية أن فعلًا قد تم دون أن يكون مطلوبًا (You needn't have come). كما أن can have لا تُستخدم عادةً في الجمل المثبتة: اختر بدلًا منها may, might or could have.

  • The bridge can't have been built before 1900; the style is far too modern.
  • I wonder why Dev did not reply. He may not have seen my message.
  • We should have booked earlier. Now every seat is taken.
  • You needn't have waited; I could have found the way myself.

التمرين 1 من 2

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة

اختر الخيار الأنسب لإكمال كل جملة.

  1. The lights are off and the door is locked, so they _____ gone home.

  2. That _____ been Kofi you saw at the station; he is in Madrid this week.

  3. I'm not sure where Ana is. She _____ stuck in traffic.

  4. You _____ a taxi; I would have collected you from the airport.

  5. The courier said the parcel _____ arrived by Friday, but it hasn't.

  6. She looked exhausted. She _____ for hours.

  7. I wonder why Dev didn't answer. He _____ the phone ringing.

  8. The bridge _____ built before 1900; the style is far too modern.

تمت الإجابة عن 0 من 8

التمرين 2 من 2

أكمل الجمل

اكتب الصيغة الصحيحة للفعل الناقص مع التام للأفعال الموجودة بين القوسين. أول كلمة بين القوسين هي الفعل الناقص الذي يجب استخدامه.

  1. Her name is on the list, so she (must / see) the email.

  2. He is very reliable; he (can't / forget) the deadline.

  3. My keys are missing. They (might / fall) out of my pocket.

  4. The hotel is now full. We (should / book) earlier.

  5. We have enough food for ten people. We (needn't / bring) so much.

  6. Their coats were soaked. They (must / wait) outside for hours.

  7. Perhaps the contract was signed last week. It (may / sign) last week.

  8. She arrived late, so she (can't / catch) the earlier bus.

تمت الإجابة عن 0 من 8

المصدر

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