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C1 文法

C1助動詞22分

法助動詞の完了形：過去についての推量

Modal perfects: speculating about the past

must have、can't have、might have、should have を使って、過去の出来事を適切な確信度で判断します。

過去に何が起こったのか、いつも確信が持てるとは限りません。Modal verbs + have + past participle（法助動詞 + have + 過去分詞）を使うと、確信の度合いを示したり、起こるべきだった（または起こるべきでなかった）ことについて意見を述べたりできます。上級レベルでは、進行形や受動態の形と組み合わせる必要もあります。

意味形例
Almost certain (positive)must have + past participleThe lights are off, so they must have gone home.
Almost certain (negative)can't / couldn't have + past participleThat can't have been Kofi; he's in Madrid this week.
Possiblemay / might / could have + past participleThe keys might have fallen out of my pocket.
Possibly notmay not / might not have + past participleHe might not have heard the phone ringing.
Expected but did not happenshould / ought to have + past participleThe parcel should have arrived by Friday.
Unnecessary actionneedn't have + past participleYou needn't have brought so much food.
Longer activitymodal + have been + -ingShe looked exhausted. She must have been working for hours.
Passivemodal + have been + past participleThe contract may have been signed last week.

couldn't haveとneedn't haveの違いに注意しましょう。前者は「それは不可能だった」（She couldn't have known）、後者は「その行為は行われたが、必要ではなかった」（You needn't have come）という意味です。また、can haveは肯定文では通常使いません。代わりにmay, might or could haveを選びます。

  • The bridge can't have been built before 1900; the style is far too modern.
  • I wonder why Dev did not reply. He may not have seen my message.
  • We should have booked earlier. Now every seat is taken.
  • You needn't have waited; I could have found the way myself.

練習問題 1/2

正しい形を選ぼう

各文を最もよく完成させる選択肢を選んでください。

  1. The lights are off and the door is locked, so they _____ gone home.

  2. That _____ been Kofi you saw at the station; he is in Madrid this week.

  3. I'm not sure where Ana is. She _____ stuck in traffic.

  4. You _____ a taxi; I would have collected you from the airport.

  5. The courier said the parcel _____ arrived by Friday, but it hasn't.

  6. She looked exhausted. She _____ for hours.

  7. I wonder why Dev didn't answer. He _____ the phone ringing.

  8. The bridge _____ built before 1900; the style is far too modern.

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練習問題 2/2

文を完成させよう

かっこ内の動詞を、正しい法助動詞の完了形にして入力しましょう。かっこ内の最初の語が、使う法助動詞です。

  1. Her name is on the list, so she (must / see) the email.

  2. He is very reliable; he (can't / forget) the deadline.

  3. My keys are missing. They (might / fall) out of my pocket.

  4. The hotel is now full. We (should / book) earlier.

  5. We have enough food for ten people. We (needn't / bring) so much.

  6. Their coats were soaked. They (must / wait) outside for hours.

  7. Perhaps the contract was signed last week. It (may / sign) last week.

  8. She arrived late, so she (can't / catch) the earlier bus.

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