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Joy English · المستوى C1 · الأفعال الناقصةjoy-english.com

الأفعال الناقصة مع التام: التخمين عن الماضي

الاسم:التاريخ:

استخدم must have وcan't have وmight have وshould have للحكم على أحداث الماضي بدرجة اليقين المناسبة.

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة

اختر الخيار الأنسب لإكمال كل جملة.

  1. The lights are off and the door is locked, so they ___ gone home.
    • a) needn't have
    • b) would have to
    • c) must have
    • d) can have
  2. That ___ been Kofi you saw at the station; he is in Madrid this week.
    • a) must have
    • b) can't have
    • c) needn't have
    • d) should have
  3. I'm not sure where Ana is. She ___ stuck in traffic.
    • a) couldn't have been
    • b) must have to be
    • c) might have been
    • d) can't be being
  4. You ___ a taxi; I would have collected you from the airport.
    • a) can't have taken
    • b) couldn't have taken
    • c) mustn't have taken
    • d) needn't have taken
  5. The courier said the parcel ___ arrived by Friday, but it hasn't.
    • a) should have
    • b) must have
    • c) can't have
    • d) couldn't have
  6. She looked exhausted. She ___ for hours.
    • a) must be worked
    • b) can have been worked
    • c) must have been working
    • d) must have worked being
  7. I wonder why Dev didn't answer. He ___ the phone ringing.
    • a) can't have been hearing
    • b) may not have heard
    • c) mustn't hear
    • d) might not heard
  8. The bridge ___ built before 1900; the style is far too modern.
    • a) must have been
    • b) should have been
    • c) needn't have been
    • d) can't have been

أكمل الجمل

اكتب الصيغة الصحيحة للفعل الناقص مع التام للأفعال الموجودة بين القوسين. أول كلمة بين القوسين هي الفعل الناقص الذي يجب استخدامه.

  1. Her name is on the list, so she ___ (must / see) the email.
  2. He is very reliable; he ___ (can't / forget) the deadline.
  3. My keys are missing. They ___ (might / fall) out of my pocket.
  4. The hotel is now full. We ___ (should / book) earlier.
  5. We have enough food for ten people. We ___ (needn't / bring) so much.
  6. Their coats were soaked. They ___ (must / wait) outside for hours.
  7. Perhaps the contract was signed last week. It ___ (may / sign) last week.
  8. She arrived late, so she ___ (can't / catch) the earlier bus.

مفتاح الإجابات

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة

  1. c) must haveالأدلة تجعل الأمر شبه مؤكد، لذلك نستخدم must have gone.
  2. b) can't haveنحن متأكدون أنه كان مستحيلًا، لذلك نستخدم can't have been.
  3. c) might have beenالمتحدث غير متأكد، لذلك تعبّر might have been عن احتمال.
  4. d) needn't have takenكانت سيارة الأجرة غير ضرورية، لذلك الصحيح هو needn't have taken. أما الخيارات الأخرى فلا معنى لها مع I would have collected you.
  5. a) should haveتعبّر Should have arrived عن توقّع لم يتحقق.
  6. c) must have been workingيُعبَّر عن استنتاج منطقي حول نشاط ماضٍ ممتد بـ must have been + -ing.
  7. b) may not have heardتعبّر May not have heard عن حدث ماضٍ محتمل. أما الخيارات الأخرى فهي خاطئة نحويًا أو غير منطقية.
  8. d) can't have beenالأسلوب الحديث يجعل الأمر مستحيلًا، لذلك نستخدم can't have been built.

أكمل الجمل

  1. must have seenالاستنتاج القوي عن الماضي يتطلب must have + اسم المفعول (past participle).
  2. can't have forgotten / cannot have forgotten / couldn't have forgotten / could not have forgottenنحن متأكدون أن الأمر لم يحدث، لذلك can't have forgotten (أو couldn't have forgotten).
  3. might have fallen / may have fallen / could have fallenيُعبَّر عن احتمال في الماضي بـ might have + اسم المفعول (past participle)؛ كما أن may وcould صحيحتان أيضًا.
  4. should have booked / ought to have bookedتعبّر Should have booked عن ندم على شيء لم نفعله.
  5. needn't have brought / need not have broughtتعني Needn't have brought أن الأمر تم لكنه لم يكن ضروريًا.
  6. must have been waiting / must have waitedأفضل ما يعبّر عن استنتاج حول نشاط ماضٍ ممتد هو must have been + -ing؛ وmust have waited صحيحة أيضًا.
  7. may have been signed / might have been signed / could have been signedالعقد هو الذي يقع عليه الفعل، لذلك نحتاج إلى المبني للمجهول: may have been signed.
  8. can't have caught / cannot have caught / couldn't have caught / could not have caughtوصولها المتأخر يجعل الأمر مستحيلًا، لذلك can't have caught هي الصحيحة.

Joy English · تدريب مجاني على الإنجليزية · https://joy-english.com/ar/grammar/modal-perfect-speculation