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C1Kata kerja modal22 menit

Modal perfect: menduga-duga tentang masa lalu

Modal perfects: speculating about the past

Pakai must have, can't have, might have, dan should have untuk menilai kejadian masa lalu dengan tingkat kepastian yang tepat.

Kita tidak selalu yakin tentang apa yang terjadi di masa lalu. Modal verbs + have + past participle memungkinkan kita menunjukkan seberapa yakin kita, atau mengomentari hal yang seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya terjadi. Di level mahir, kamu juga perlu menggabungkannya dengan bentuk continuous dan pasif.

ArtiBentukContoh
Almost certain (positive)must have + past participleThe lights are off, so they must have gone home.
Almost certain (negative)can't / couldn't have + past participleThat can't have been Kofi; he's in Madrid this week.
Possiblemay / might / could have + past participleThe keys might have fallen out of my pocket.
Possibly notmay not / might not have + past participleHe might not have heard the phone ringing.
Expected but did not happenshould / ought to have + past participleThe parcel should have arrived by Friday.
Unnecessary actionneedn't have + past participleYou needn't have brought so much food.
Longer activitymodal + have been + -ingShe looked exhausted. She must have been working for hours.
Passivemodal + have been + past participleThe contract may have been signed last week.

Perhatikan perbedaan antara couldn't have dan needn't have. Yang pertama menyatakan bahwa sesuatu mustahil terjadi (She couldn't have known), sedangkan yang kedua menyatakan bahwa suatu tindakan sudah dilakukan tetapi tidak diperlukan (You needn't have come). Selain itu, can have biasanya tidak dipakai dalam kalimat positif: pilih may, might or could have.

  • The bridge can't have been built before 1900; the style is far too modern.
  • I wonder why Dev did not reply. He may not have seen my message.
  • We should have booked earlier. Now every seat is taken.
  • You needn't have waited; I could have found the way myself.

Latihan 1 dari 2

Pilih bentuk yang benar

Pilih pilihan yang paling tepat untuk melengkapi setiap kalimat.

  1. The lights are off and the door is locked, so they _____ gone home.

  2. That _____ been Kofi you saw at the station; he is in Madrid this week.

  3. I'm not sure where Ana is. She _____ stuck in traffic.

  4. You _____ a taxi; I would have collected you from the airport.

  5. The courier said the parcel _____ arrived by Friday, but it hasn't.

  6. She looked exhausted. She _____ for hours.

  7. I wonder why Dev didn't answer. He _____ the phone ringing.

  8. The bridge _____ built before 1900; the style is far too modern.

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Latihan 2 dari 2

Lengkapi kalimat

Ketik bentuk modal perfect yang benar dari kata kerja dalam tanda kurung. Kata pertama dalam tanda kurung adalah modal yang harus dipakai.

  1. Her name is on the list, so she (must / see) the email.

  2. He is very reliable; he (can't / forget) the deadline.

  3. My keys are missing. They (might / fall) out of my pocket.

  4. The hotel is now full. We (should / book) earlier.

  5. We have enough food for ten people. We (needn't / bring) so much.

  6. Their coats were soaked. They (must / wait) outside for hours.

  7. Perhaps the contract was signed last week. It (may / sign) last week.

  8. She arrived late, so she (can't / catch) the earlier bus.

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