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C1 문법

C1조동사22분

조동사 완료형: 과거에 대한 추측

Modal perfects: speculating about the past

must have, can't have, might have, should have를 사용하여 과거의 일을 알맞은 확신 정도로 판단합니다.

과거에 일어난 일을 항상 확신할 수는 없습니다. Modal verbs + have + past participle을 사용하면 확신의 정도를 나타내거나, 일어났어야 했던 일 또는 일어나지 말았어야 했던 일에 대해 의견을 말할 수 있습니다. 고급 단계에서는 이를 진행형 및 수동태와 결합하는 방법도 익혀야 합니다.

의미형태예
Almost certain (positive)must have + past participleThe lights are off, so they must have gone home.
Almost certain (negative)can't / couldn't have + past participleThat can't have been Kofi; he's in Madrid this week.
Possiblemay / might / could have + past participleThe keys might have fallen out of my pocket.
Possibly notmay not / might not have + past participleHe might not have heard the phone ringing.
Expected but did not happenshould / ought to have + past participleThe parcel should have arrived by Friday.
Unnecessary actionneedn't have + past participleYou needn't have brought so much food.
Longer activitymodal + have been + -ingShe looked exhausted. She must have been working for hours.
Passivemodal + have been + past participleThe contract may have been signed last week.

couldn't have와 needn't have의 차이에 주의하세요. 전자는 어떤 일이 불가능했음을 나타내고(She couldn't have known), 후자는 어떤 행동이 이루어졌지만 필요하지 않았음을 나타냅니다(You needn't have come). 또한 can have는 긍정문에서 보통 쓰지 않습니다. 대신 may, might or could have를 선택하세요.

  • The bridge can't have been built before 1900; the style is far too modern.
  • I wonder why Dev did not reply. He may not have seen my message.
  • We should have booked earlier. Now every seat is taken.
  • You needn't have waited; I could have found the way myself.

연습 1 / 2

알맞은 형태 고르기

각 문장을 가장 알맞게 완성하는 선택지를 고르세요.

  1. The lights are off and the door is locked, so they _____ gone home.

  2. That _____ been Kofi you saw at the station; he is in Madrid this week.

  3. I'm not sure where Ana is. She _____ stuck in traffic.

  4. You _____ a taxi; I would have collected you from the airport.

  5. The courier said the parcel _____ arrived by Friday, but it hasn't.

  6. She looked exhausted. She _____ for hours.

  7. I wonder why Dev didn't answer. He _____ the phone ringing.

  8. The bridge _____ built before 1900; the style is far too modern.

8문제 중 0문제 답함

연습 2 / 2

문장 완성하기

괄호 안 동사의 올바른 조동사 완료형을 입력하세요. 괄호 안의 첫 번째 단어가 사용할 조동사입니다.

  1. Her name is on the list, so she (must / see) the email.

  2. He is very reliable; he (can't / forget) the deadline.

  3. My keys are missing. They (might / fall) out of my pocket.

  4. The hotel is now full. We (should / book) earlier.

  5. We have enough food for ten people. We (needn't / bring) so much.

  6. Their coats were soaked. They (must / wait) outside for hours.

  7. Perhaps the contract was signed last week. It (may / sign) last week.

  8. She arrived late, so she (can't / catch) the earlier bus.

8문제 중 0문제 답함

출처

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