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C1 القواعد

C1الانقلاب22 دقيقة

الانقلاب (عكس ترتيب الفاعل والفعل المساعد) بعد الظروف المنفية والمقيِّدة

Inversion after negative and restrictive adverbials

ضع الفعل المساعد قبل الفاعل بعد تعبيرات مثل hardly وnot until وunder no circumstances.

عندما تبدأ الجملة بظرف منفي أو مقيِّد، كثيرًا ما تعكس الإنجليزية ترتيب الفاعل والفعل المساعد. يمنح هذا الانقلاب (inversion) الكتابة الرسمية والخطب مزيدًا من التوكيد. قارن بين الجملة المحايدة She had rarely seen such skill والجملة المؤكِّدة Rarely had she seen such skill.

تعبير الافتتاحالنمطمثال
Never, rarely, seldom, littleadverb + auxiliary + subjectSeldom do we get such honest feedback.
Hardly / scarcely ... whenhad + subject + past participleHardly had the talk begun when the lights failed.
No sooner ... thanhad + subject + past participleNo sooner had she left than the phone rang.
Not only ... but (also)auxiliary + subjectNot only did he apologise, but he also paid for the damage.
Only after / only when / not untilauxiliary + subject in the main clauseOnly after the storm did the villagers see the damage.
Under no circumstances, on no account, at no timeauxiliary or modal + subjectOn no account should the door be left open.
Nowhere, in no way, by no meansauxiliary + subjectNowhere in the report is the cost mentioned.

إذا لم يكن في الجملة فعل مساعد، فأضف do, does or did تمامًا كما تفعل في السؤال: Little did they know that the contract was already void. ومع الفعل be، انقل be نفسه: Never was the city so quiet.

الانقلاب في الجمل الشرطية

في الإنجليزية الرسمية يمكنك حذف if واستخدام الانقلاب بدلًا منها. ويصلح هذا مع had, were وshould. لا يتغير المعنى، لكن مستوى الأسلوب يصبح أرفع.

  • Had I known the risks, I would have refused. (If I had known ...)
  • Were the funding to be cut, the project would collapse. (If the funding were cut ...)
  • Should you need further help, contact the office. (If you should need ...)
  • Not until the results arrived did anyone suspect an error.

التمرين 1 من 2

اختر الصيغة الصحيحة

اختر الخيار الذي يكمل كل جملة بشكل صحيح.

  1. Not only _____ the deadline, but she also exceeded every target.

  2. Rarely _____ such a thoughtful reply to harsh criticism.

  3. No sooner had the lecture begun _____ the projector stopped working.

  4. Hardly had we sat down _____ the waiter brought the menus.

  5. Only after the results were published _____ the scale of the problem.

  6. Under no circumstances _____ the storage room be left unlocked.

  7. Little _____ that the decision would change her career for ever.

  8. Nowhere in the whole document _____ any mention of the budget overrun.

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التمرين 2 من 2

أكمل الجمل

اكتب كلمة واحدة في كل فراغ لتصبح الجملة صحيحة ورسمية.

  1. Not until the sensors failed the engineers notice the fault.

  2. No sooner had she arrived the meeting started.

  3. Seldom I seen such careful craftsmanship.

  4. Only when the lights went out we realise how quiet the town was.

  5. On no account the exhibits be touched by visitors.

  6. Hardly the film begun when the power went off.

  7. Not only the manager apologise, but he also offered a full refund.

  8. I known the risks, I would have declined the offer.

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