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Joy English

C1 文法

C1倒置22分

否定・制限を表す副詞句の後の倒置

Inversion after negative and restrictive adverbials

hardly、not until、under no circumstances などの表現の後では、助動詞を主語の前に置きます。

文が否定または制限を表す副詞句で始まると、英語ではしばしば主語と助動詞の順序が逆になります。このinversion（倒置）によって、改まった文章やスピーチに強調が加わります。普通の言い方のShe had rarely seen such skillと、強調したRarely had she seen such skillを比べてみましょう。

文頭の表現パターン例
Never, rarely, seldom, littleadverb + auxiliary + subjectSeldom do we get such honest feedback.
Hardly / scarcely ... whenhad + subject + past participleHardly had the talk begun when the lights failed.
No sooner ... thanhad + subject + past participleNo sooner had she left than the phone rang.
Not only ... but (also)auxiliary + subjectNot only did he apologise, but he also paid for the damage.
Only after / only when / not untilauxiliary + subject in the main clauseOnly after the storm did the villagers see the damage.
Under no circumstances, on no account, at no timeauxiliary or modal + subjectOn no account should the door be left open.
Nowhere, in no way, by no meansauxiliary + subjectNowhere in the report is the cost mentioned.

文に助動詞がない場合は、疑問文と同じようにdo, does or didを加えます。Little did they know that the contract was already void.（その契約がすでに無効になっていることを、彼らはまったく知りませんでした。）be動詞の場合は be 自体を前に出します。Never was the city so quiet.

条件の倒置

改まった英語では、ifを省いて倒置にすることができます。これはhad, wereとshouldで使えます。意味は変わりませんが、文体がより格調高くなります。

  • Had I known the risks, I would have refused. (If I had known ...)
  • Were the funding to be cut, the project would collapse. (If the funding were cut ...)
  • Should you need further help, contact the office. (If you should need ...)
  • Not until the results arrived did anyone suspect an error.

練習問題 1/2

正しい形を選ぼう

各文を正しく完成させる選択肢を選びましょう。

  1. Not only _____ the deadline, but she also exceeded every target.

  2. Rarely _____ such a thoughtful reply to harsh criticism.

  3. No sooner had the lecture begun _____ the projector stopped working.

  4. Hardly had we sat down _____ the waiter brought the menus.

  5. Only after the results were published _____ the scale of the problem.

  6. Under no circumstances _____ the storage room be left unlocked.

  7. Little _____ that the decision would change her career for ever.

  8. Nowhere in the whole document _____ any mention of the budget overrun.

8問中0問回答

練習問題 2/2

文を完成させよう

文が正しく、かつ改まった文になるように、各空所に1語ずつ入力しましょう。

  1. Not until the sensors failed the engineers notice the fault.

  2. No sooner had she arrived the meeting started.

  3. Seldom I seen such careful craftsmanship.

  4. Only when the lights went out we realise how quiet the town was.

  5. On no account the exhibits be touched by visitors.

  6. Hardly the film begun when the power went off.

  7. Not only the manager apologise, but he also offered a full refund.

  8. I known the risks, I would have declined the offer.

8問中0問回答

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