Inversion after negative and restrictive adverbials
Put the auxiliary before the subject after expressions such as hardly, not until and under no circumstances.
16 questions · 22 min
C1 Grammar Lessons
Short explanations with examples, then two sets of exercises with answer checking.
6 lessons
Cleft sentences for emphasis
Use it-clefts and what-clefts to focus on the most important part of a sentence.
16 questions · 20 min
Modal perfects: speculating about the past
Use must have, can't have, might have and should have to judge past events with the right degree of certainty.
16 questions · 22 min
Participle clauses and reduced clauses
Make writing tighter with -ing, -ed and perfect participle clauses, and avoid dangling participles.
16 questions · 22 min
Ellipsis and substitution
Avoid repetition with so, not, do so, one/ones, reduced infinitives and auxiliary-only replies.
16 questions · 20 min
The subjunctive and formal hypothetical forms
Use the base-form subjunctive, were, and past forms for unreal present meaning in formal and elevated English.
16 questions · 22 min
Original lessons by Joy English. Levels are suggestions.