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テスト1：研究、証拠、疑い

名前:日付:

科学的な主張がどのように検討され、報告され、疑われるかをテーマにした上級の総合テストです。コロケーション、つなぎ言葉、倒置、語形成を扱います。

パート1：選択式の空所補充

それぞれの文に最もよく合う語または語句を選びましょう。

Journalists sometimes ___ the significance of a single small study, presenting tentative results as settled fact.
- a) overturn
- b) overtake
- c) overplay
- d) overhaul
The correlation was strong, but that does not ___ imply that one factor causes the other.
- a) necessarily
- b) evidently
- c) eventually
- d) hardly
Not until the data had been re-analysed ___ the original error come to light.
- a) has
- b) was
- c) had
- d) did
The sample was small; ___, the results were consistent across all three sites.
- a) as a result
- b) even so
- c) in that case
- d) for instance
The authors ___ their claims with several caveats, noting that more work is needed.
- a) quantify
- b) qualify
- c) amplify
- d) identify
The new theory has been ___ a good deal of scepticism.
- a) run up
- b) faced up
- c) met with
- d) come across
The research, the findings of ___ are freely available, was funded by a charity.
- a) whose
- b) that
- c) what
- d) which
Had the researchers ___ the sample earlier, they might have avoided the bias.
- a) widen
- b) widened
- c) been widened
- d) widening

各空所に1語を入力しましょう。

The report stops ___ of claiming that the drug is completely safe.
The effect, ___ far as the evidence suggests, is modest.
Little ___ the researchers know that their error would be exposed within a week.
Convincing ___ they may seem, the results do not prove a causal link.
The scientists were reluctant to speculate ___ the cause until more data came in.
Rather ___ accept the findings at face value, the editor asked for an independent review.
The journal has a policy ___ which every paper must include a statement on funding.
Whatever the merits of the study, it cannot be taken ___ proof that the treatment works.

それぞれの文の最後にある大文字の語を使って、空所に合う語を作りましょう。1語を入力してください。

Critics described the sampling as ___ and open to bias. (SYSTEM)
The ___ of the findings has been questioned by several teams. (VALID)
Her claim was never ___ by independent evidence. (SUBSTANCE)
There is widespread ___ with the way results are reported, and many scientists are calling for reform. (SATISFY)
The committee's commitment to ___ reassured the public. (TRANSPARENT)
It would be ___ to draw firm conclusions from so little data. (WISE)
The ___ of the team's approach lay in combining two methods. (ORIGIN)
The figures were ___ presented in the press release. (MISLEAD)

shortStop short of doing something は、ほとんどそこまで行くが、そこまでは行かないという意味です。
as / soAs far as と so far as はどちらも正しく、「〜の範囲で」という意味です。
did文頭の little のような否定の副詞は、倒置が必要です：did the researchers know。
as / though形容詞 + as/though + 主語 + may/might という形は、「どんなに説得力があるように見えても」という意味です。
about / on / over / upon / regarding / concerningSpeculate about、on、upon、over something はどれも可能です。regarding と concerning も使えます。
thanRather than + 不定詞は、「〜する代わりに」という意味です。
under / byA policy under which または by which は、全員に適用されるルールを表します。
as何かを証拠や裏付けとして受け取ります（take something as proof / as evidence）。

unsystematic / nonsystematic / non-systematic否定的な意味の形容詞が必要です：unsystematic（または non-systematic）。
validitythe の後ろには名詞が必要です。valid の名詞形は validity です。
substantiated受動態の was never ... by には過去分詞が必要です。substance から動詞 substantiate が作られるので、substantiated です。
dissatisfaction名詞には否定の接頭辞が必要です：dissatisfaction。
transparency前置詞の後ろには名詞が必要です：transparency。
unwiseBe + 形容詞：意味は否定的なので、unwise です。
originality主語には「新しいという性質」を表す名詞が必要です：originality。
misleadingly分詞 presented を修飾する副詞が必要です：misleadingly。