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مقتطف من محاضرة عن جزيرة الحرارة الحضرية

الاسم:التاريخ:

تشرح محاضِرة جامعية لماذا تكون المدن أدفأ من الريف، وتوازن بين العلاجات الممكنة، وتسأل من يعاني أكثر.

الصوت وتصحيح الإجابات: https://joy-english.com/ar/listening/urban-heat-island-lecture

الموقف والرأي والاستنتاج

استمع واختر أفضل إجابة. بعض الإجابات غير مذكورة مباشرة.

What is the lecturer's main purpose in this extract?
- a) To argue that cities should be abandoned in summer
- b) To explain how air conditioners are designed
- c) To introduce a familiar urban problem and assess ways of dealing with it
- d) To compare city life with life in the countryside
According to the lecturer, what is the main cause of the heat island effect?
- a) The heat produced by engines and air conditioners
- b) Surfaces that absorb sunlight and release the heat after dark
- c) A lack of wind in the centre of cities
- d) The large number of people living close together
What does the lecturer imply when she says "Had planners understood all this a century ago"?
- a) The problem might have been avoided with better knowledge
- b) Planners a century ago deliberately ignored the evidence
- c) Modern planners no longer face this problem
- d) Older cities were cooler than modern ones
What is the lecturer's attitude to planting trees?
- a) It is the cheapest and fastest solution
- b) It rarely makes any difference at all
- c) It should be replaced by pale roofs everywhere
- d) It is helpful, but only under certain conditions
What disadvantage of pale roofs does she mention?
- a) They make indoor rooms too cold
- b) They cost more than planting trees
- c) They can create glare for people in the street
- d) They raise the temperature of nearby streets
Why does she say the heat island is "a question of fairness"?
- a) Rich neighbourhoods refuse to plant trees
- b) The hottest areas are often home to people least able to cope
- c) Older residents prefer hotter streets
- d) Parks are always built in poorer areas
Why does she mention cool rooms in libraries?
- a) To suggest that libraries should stay open at night
- b) To prove that technical solutions never work
- c) To criticise cities that paint roofs white
- d) To show that a simple, cheap measure can be valuable
What does the lecturer ask the students to do for next week?
- a) Compare two case studies and judge which approach is better
- b) Paint a roof white and measure the result
- c) Write a report on air conditioners
- d) Interview residents of hot neighbourhoods

الاستماع للتفاصيل

استمع مرة أخرى واكتب الكلمة أو الرقم الناقص. يمكنك كتابة الأرقام بالكلمات أو بالأرقام.

On a calm, clear night, a city can be as much as ___ degrees warmer than the countryside.
Plants help to cool the air because they lose ___ through their leaves.
A study of ___ districts tested the effect of pale roofs.
Pale roofs lowered indoor temperatures by roughly ___ degrees.
During heatwaves, some cities open cool rooms in public ___.

مفتاح الإجابات

الموقف والرأي والاستنتاج

c) To introduce a familiar urban problem and assess ways of dealing with itتقدّم جزيرة الحرارة، وتشرح أسبابها، ثم توازن بين عدة استجابات، بما في ذلك سلبياتها.
b) Surfaces that absorb sunlight and release the heat after darkتقول إن المحركات ومكيفات الهواء تسهم بقدر متواضع فقط؛ أما العامل الأكبر فهو الأسطح مثل الحجر والإسفلت.
a) The problem might have been avoided with better knowledgeيوحي التركيب "Had ... understood, they might have designed differently" بأن التصميم السابق كان يمكن أن يكون أفضل لو توفرت المعرفة.
d) It is helpful, but only under certain conditionsتقول إن الأشجار تنفع، ولكن فقط حيث توجد مساحة للجذور والماء؛ وقد لا تبرّد الشجرة التي تعاني شيئًا.
c) They can create glare for people in the streetتقول إن الأسطح العاكسة قد تعكس الوهج نحو الشارع، وهذا ليس مثاليًا للمشاة.
b) The hottest areas are often home to people least able to copeتشير إلى أن أشد الشوارع حرارة هي الأقل حدائق وغالبًا ما يسكنها كبار السن وذوو الدخل المنخفض.
d) To show that a simple, cheap measure can be valuableتقول إن الغرف تكلّف القليل جدًا وقد تنقذ أرواحًا، فهي مثال على استجابة منخفضة التكلفة وغير تقنية.
a) Compare two case studies and judge which approach is betterتطلب منهم قراءة دراستي حالة وتقرير أي نهج يجدونه أكثر إقناعًا، ولماذا.

الاستماع للتفاصيل

eight / 8تقول المحاضِرة إن الفرق قد يصل إلى ثماني درجات.
waterتقول إن النباتات تفقد الماء عبر أوراقها، مما يسحب الحرارة من الهواء.
twelve / 12غطّت الدراسة التي تذكرها اثنتي عشرة منطقة.
three / 3خفّضت درجات الحرارة بنحو ثلاث درجات.
librariesتقول إن بعض المدن فتحت غرفًا باردة في المكتبات العامة.

النص المكتوب

Doctor Haddad: Good morning, everyone. Today I want to look at a phenomenon that most of you will have felt without ever naming it: the urban heat island. In essence, a city is warmer than the countryside around it, and on a calm, clear night the difference can reach as much as eight degrees.

Doctor Haddad: Why does this happen? Not, as is often assumed, because cities generate so much heat of their own. Engines and air conditioners do contribute, but their share is modest. The larger factor is surface. Stone, brick and asphalt soak up sunlight all day and release it slowly after dark, whereas soil and vegetation stay cooler, partly because plants lose water through their leaves, which draws heat out of the air.

Doctor Haddad: Why does the night matter so much? Because the body needs a cool period in which to recover. When nights stay hot, people sleep badly, and the health effects build up over days rather than hours.

Doctor Haddad: Had planners understood all this a century ago, they might have designed very differently. Instead, we inherited streets lined with dark surfaces and hardly any shade. Rarely do we stop to consider that a single paved car park can raise the temperature of an entire neighbourhood by a degree or more.

Doctor Haddad: Now, a word of caution about the solutions. Planting trees is the obvious answer, and it does work, but only where there is room for roots and a reliable supply of water. A tree struggling in a narrow pavement pit may cool nothing at all. Pale roofs are cheaper and quicker. In a study of twelve districts, they lowered indoor temperatures by roughly three degrees. Yet reflective surfaces can also bounce glare into the street, which is hardly ideal for pedestrians.

Doctor Haddad: What I find most interesting, however, is the question of who bears the burden. Heat is not shared evenly. The hottest streets tend to be those with the fewest parks, and those are often where older residents and low-income families live. So the heat island is not merely an engineering puzzle; it is a question of fairness.

Doctor Haddad: I'm not suggesting that every problem has a technical fix. Some cities have simply opened cool rooms in public libraries during heatwaves, which costs very little and may well save lives. Others have asked residents to paint their own roofs white, with mixed results. For next week, I'd like you to read the two case studies on the reading list and decide which approach you find more convincing, and why.