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การบรรยายเรื่องทางรถไฟทำให้นาฬิกาเป็นมาตรฐานเดียวกันได้อย่างไร

ชื่อ:วันที่:

นักประวัติศาสตร์อธิบายว่าตารางเวลารถไฟบังคับให้เมืองต่าง ๆ เลิกใช้เวลาตามดวงอาทิตย์ในท้องถิ่นได้อย่างไร และการเปลี่ยนแปลงนั้นต้องแลกกับอะไรอย่างเงียบ ๆ

เสียงและการตรวจคำตอบ: https://joy-english.com/th/listening/railway-time-lecture-standard-clocks

ข้อโต้แย้ง น้ำเสียง และการอนุมาน

ฟังการบันทึกเสียง แล้วเลือกคำตอบที่ดีที่สุด ให้คิดถึงสิ่งที่เป็นนัยด้วย ไม่ใช่เฉพาะสิ่งที่พูดออกมา

  1. What is the main subject of the lecture?
    • a) How railways were built across the country
    • b) How a shared national time replaced local time
    • c) How the telegraph changed communication
    • d) How watches became cheaper
  2. Why did differences between town clocks cause little trouble before railways?
    • a) Few people owned clocks
    • b) Towns agreed to ignore the differences
    • c) Journeys were so slow that small differences were not noticed
    • d) Every town used the same church clock
  3. Why does the speaker call a clock with two minute hands "the most honest and least useful instrument"?
    • a) It was accurate but unreliable
    • b) It showed both times truthfully but confused everyone
    • c) It was famous for being expensive
    • d) It was honest because it was old
  4. What does she mean by "a timetable is a promise made in minutes"?
    • a) Trains were often late
    • b) Passengers wrote their own timetables
    • c) A timetable requires everyone to share one clock
    • d) Railway companies guaranteed refunds
  5. Why did some towns keep their own time after eighteen forty?
    • a) A law told them to
    • b) No law required them to change, and some were proud or suspicious
    • c) The railway companies paid them to
    • d) Their clocks could not be altered
  6. What did the telegraph contribute?
    • a) It replaced the railway timetable
    • b) It made local noon more accurate
    • c) It could send the exact time to every station at once
    • d) It recorded the movements of the sun
  7. What does she think was "surrendered" with local noon?
    • a) A source of income for jewellers
    • b) A shared experience tied to a place and a sky
    • c) The use of church bells
    • d) Accuracy in measuring distance
  8. What does she mean by an invention succeeding "by being forgotten as one"?
    • a) People are able to copy it more easily
    • b) Its inventor is soon unknown
    • c) It becomes so familiar that it seems always to have existed
    • d) It is replaced by something better

รายละเอียดสำคัญ

ฟังอีกครั้ง พิมพ์คำหรือตัวเลขหนึ่งอย่างจากการบันทึกเสียงเพื่อเติมประโยคแต่ละข้อให้สมบูรณ์

  1. Bristol ran roughly ___ minutes behind London.
  2. Exeter was about ___ minutes behind London.
  3. One company adopted London time along its whole line in ___.
  4. A law made one standard time official throughout the country in ___.
  5. Before railways, every town set its clocks by the ___.
  6. One famous clock in the west of England had two ___ hands.

เฉลย

ข้อโต้แย้ง น้ำเสียง และการอนุมาน

  1. b) How a shared national time replaced local timeเธออธิบายว่าเวลามาตรฐานเกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไร ส่วนหนึ่งเพราะทางรถไฟ
  2. c) Journeys were so slow that small differences were not noticedรถม้าโดยสารใช้เวลาหลายวัน ความต่างเพียงไม่กี่นาทีจึงสูญหายไประหว่างทาง
  3. b) It showed both times truthfully but confused everyoneนาฬิกาแสดงทั้งเวลาท้องถิ่นและเวลาลอนดอนอย่างตรงไปตรงมา ทำให้อ่านยาก คำพูดนี้เป็นการเสียดสี
  4. c) A timetable requires everyone to share one clockคำมั่นสัญญาที่ให้เป็นนาทีจะได้ผลก็ต่อเมื่อทุกคนนับนาทีด้วยนาฬิกาเรือนเดียวกัน
  5. b) No law required them to change, and some were proud or suspiciousข้อตกลงนั้นไม่มีผลทางกฎหมาย เมืองต่าง ๆ จึงปฏิเสธได้อย่างอิสระ บางแห่งเพราะความภูมิใจหรือความดื้อรั้น
  6. c) It could send the exact time to every station at onceเธอบอกว่าสัญญาณตามสายสามารถส่งเวลาที่แม่นยำจากหอดูดาวไปยังทุกสถานีได้
  7. b) A shared experience tied to a place and a skyเธอบอกว่าเที่ยงวันตามท้องถิ่นเป็นประสบการณ์ร่วมที่ผูกกับสถานที่และท้องฟ้า
  8. c) It becomes so familiar that it seems always to have existedไม่นานผู้คนก็พูดว่านาฬิกาเป็นแบบนี้มาตลอด สิ่งประดิษฐ์นี้จึงไม่ถูกมองว่าเป็นของใหม่อีกต่อไป

รายละเอียดสำคัญ

  1. ten / 10เธอบอกว่า Bristol ช้ากว่าประมาณสิบนาที
  2. fourteen / 14เธอบอกว่า Exeter ช้ากว่าประมาณสิบสี่นาที
  3. 1840 / eighteen fortyบริษัทใช้เวลาลอนดอนในปีหนึ่งพันแปดร้อยสี่สิบ
  4. 1880 / eighteen eightyเธอบอกว่าเป็นปีหนึ่งพันแปดร้อยแปดสิบ
  5. sunเมืองต่าง ๆ ตั้งนาฬิกาตามดวงอาทิตย์
  6. minuteติดตั้งเข็มนาทีสองเข็ม

บทถอดเสียง

Doctor Marsh: Today I want to talk about something so ordinary that we have stopped noticing it: the fact that, in this country, a clock in the north and a clock in the south agree. This was not always so, and the story of how it came about is, I think, a small masterpiece of unintended consequences.

Doctor Marsh: Until the middle of the nineteenth century, every town set its clocks by the sun. Noon was whenever the sun stood highest overhead, and since the sun reaches that point later as one travels west, Bristol ran roughly ten minutes behind London, and Exeter about fourteen. Nobody found this alarming. A coach took days to complete a journey, and a few minutes of disagreement between two distant towns was simply lost on the road.

Doctor Marsh: The railways changed that, not because anybody wished to reform timekeeping, but because a timetable is a promise made in minutes. A train that left London at nine could hardly arrive at a western station by a clock that insisted it was ten past. Passengers missed trains they had reached early. Station staff kept two sets of times. At least one famous clock in the west of England was fitted with two minute hands, one for local time and one for London time, which must have made it the most honest and least useful instrument in the county.

Doctor Marsh: Consider the practical difficulty. A traveller arriving from a town further east would find that the station clock disagreed with the church clock, which in turn disagreed with the jeweller's window, and each of these authorities had its defenders. Shopkeepers, in particular, were reluctant to alter hours that their customers had always understood.

Doctor Marsh: One company adopted London time along its whole line in eighteen forty, and others followed over the next few years. Yet the arrangement had no legal force. For decades a town could set its own time and be perfectly entitled to do so, and some did, out of pride, or stubbornness, or a suspicion that the capital was getting above itself. It was only in eighteen eighty that a law made one standard time official throughout the country. The telegraph helped enormously, since a signal sent along the wires could carry the exact time from an observatory to every station at once.

Doctor Marsh: It would be tempting to call this progress and leave it there. But notice what was surrendered. Local noon had been a shared experience, tied to a place and a sky. Standard time replaced it with an agreement, and agreements are only as strong as the habits that sustain them. Within a generation, people were saying that the clock had always been like that, which is exactly how an invention succeeds: by being forgotten as one.

Doctor Marsh: So the next time you glance at your watch, spare a thought for the passengers who missed trains they had reached early. They paid, in a very literal way, for a convenience you take entirely for granted.