철도가 시계를 표준화한 방식에 관한 강의

논증, 어조, 추론

1. b) How a shared national time replaced local time그녀는 표준시가 부분적으로 철도 때문에 어떻게 생겨났는지 설명합니다.
2. c) Journeys were so slow that small differences were not noticed마차로는 며칠이 걸렸으므로 몇 분의 시각 차이는 가는 도중에 사라졌습니다.
3. b) It showed both times truthfully but confused everyone그것은 지역 시간과 런던 시간을 둘 다 정직하게 표시해서 읽기가 어려웠습니다. 이 말은 아이러니합니다.
4. c) A timetable requires everyone to share one clock분 단위로 한 약속은 모두가 같은 시계로 분을 세어야만 지켜집니다.
5. b) No law required them to change, and some were proud or suspicious그 협정에는 법적 효력이 없었으므로 마을들은 자유롭게 거부할 수 있었고, 일부는 자존심이나 고집 때문에 그렇게 했습니다.
6. c) It could send the exact time to every station at once그녀는 전선을 따라 전해지는 신호가 천문대에서 모든 역으로 정확한 시각을 전달할 수 있었다고 말합니다.
7. b) A shared experience tied to a place and a sky그녀는 지역의 정오가 장소와 하늘에 묶인 공동의 경험이었다고 말합니다.
8. c) It becomes so familiar that it seems always to have existed사람들은 곧 시계는 항상 그랬다고 말했고, 그래서 그 발명은 더 이상 새로운 것으로 여겨지지 않았습니다.

핵심 세부 사항

1. ten / 10그녀는 Bristol의 시계가 대략 10분 늦게 갔다고 말합니다.
2. fourteen / 14그녀는 Exeter의 시계가 약 14분 늦게 갔다고 말합니다.
3. 1840 / eighteen forty그 회사는 1840년에 런던 시간을 채택했습니다.
4. 1880 / eighteen eighty그녀는 그것이 1880년이었다고 말합니다.
5. sun마을들은 시계를 태양에 맞추었습니다.
6. minute그것에는 분침이 두 개 달려 있었습니다.

Doctor Marsh: Today I want to talk about something so ordinary that we have stopped noticing it: the fact that, in this country, a clock in the north and a clock in the south agree. This was not always so, and the story of how it came about is, I think, a small masterpiece of unintended consequences.

Doctor Marsh: Until the middle of the nineteenth century, every town set its clocks by the sun. Noon was whenever the sun stood highest overhead, and since the sun reaches that point later as one travels west, Bristol ran roughly ten minutes behind London, and Exeter about fourteen. Nobody found this alarming. A coach took days to complete a journey, and a few minutes of disagreement between two distant towns was simply lost on the road.

Doctor Marsh: The railways changed that, not because anybody wished to reform timekeeping, but because a timetable is a promise made in minutes. A train that left London at nine could hardly arrive at a western station by a clock that insisted it was ten past. Passengers missed trains they had reached early. Station staff kept two sets of times. At least one famous clock in the west of England was fitted with two minute hands, one for local time and one for London time, which must have made it the most honest and least useful instrument in the county.

Doctor Marsh: Consider the practical difficulty. A traveller arriving from a town further east would find that the station clock disagreed with the church clock, which in turn disagreed with the jeweller's window, and each of these authorities had its defenders. Shopkeepers, in particular, were reluctant to alter hours that their customers had always understood.

Doctor Marsh: One company adopted London time along its whole line in eighteen forty, and others followed over the next few years. Yet the arrangement had no legal force. For decades a town could set its own time and be perfectly entitled to do so, and some did, out of pride, or stubbornness, or a suspicion that the capital was getting above itself. It was only in eighteen eighty that a law made one standard time official throughout the country. The telegraph helped enormously, since a signal sent along the wires could carry the exact time from an observatory to every station at once.

Doctor Marsh: It would be tempting to call this progress and leave it there. But notice what was surrendered. Local noon had been a shared experience, tied to a place and a sky. Standard time replaced it with an agreement, and agreements are only as strong as the habits that sustain them. Within a generation, people were saying that the clock had always been like that, which is exactly how an invention succeeds: by being forgotten as one.

Doctor Marsh: So the next time you glance at your watch, spare a thought for the passengers who missed trains they had reached early. They paid, in a very literal way, for a convenience you take entirely for granted.