Joy English · 레벨 C2 · 지리학joy-english.com

지도가 빠뜨리는 것에 관한 강의

이름:날짜:

한 대학 강사가 모든 지도는 선택의 집합이며 빈 공간이 그려진 선만큼 많은 것을 알려 준다고 주장합니다.

오디오와 정답 확인: https://joy-english.com/ko/listening/cartography-silent-maps-lecture

논증, 태도, 함축

녹음을 들으십시오. 가장 알맞은 답을 고르십시오. 말한 내용뿐 아니라 함축된 내용도 생각하십시오.

What is the lecturer's central claim?
- a) Early maps were usually inaccurate
- b) Maps are neutral pictures that people misread
- c) Maps reflect choices about what is worth recording
- d) Modern maps are more honest than old ones
Why did eighteenth-century chart makers draw particular rocks?
- a) They were the largest rocks on the coast
- b) They were the rocks that had wrecked ships
- c) They were the rocks that fishermen avoided by habit
- d) They were the easiest rocks to measure
What does the story of Mr Pellham suggest about the marshes?
- a) The surveyor could not reach them
- b) They were too complicated to draw
- c) They did not interest the people paying for the survey
- d) Local fishermen asked for them to be left out
According to the lecturer, what separates a silence from a simplification?
- a) A silence can never be put right because the information was never gathered
- b) A silence is always deliberate, while a simplification is accidental
- c) A simplification is found only on small-scale maps
- d) A simplification hides information that powerful people want hidden
How does the lecturer respond to the objection about scale?
- a) He rejects it completely
- b) He accepts it only in part
- c) He says it supports his critics
- d) He avoids answering it
Why does he mention the navigation application and the narrow lane?
- a) To show that technology makes older maps unnecessary
- b) To criticise drivers who ignore local residents
- c) To show that what a map includes can have real effects on people who were not consulted
- d) To prove that algorithms are more accurate than surveyors
What is the lecturer's attitude to the student's word "lie"?
- a) He thinks it is too strong, because most selection is not intended to deceive
- b) He thinks it is exactly right
- c) He thinks it is out of date
- d) He thinks it applies only to commercial maps
What practical advice does he give for reading a map?
- a) Avoid maps made for profit
- b) Prefer larger maps to smaller ones
- c) Check every map against satellite images
- d) Ask who made it, for whom, and what is missing

핵심 세부 사항

다시 들으십시오. 녹음에서 한 단어 또는 숫자를 입력하여 각 문장을 완성하십시오.

Mr Pellham spent ___ summers measuring the sandbanks.
The lecturer jokes that a map as large as the territory would be ___.
By an algorithm, the narrow lane was promoted from an afterthought to a ___.
The residents of the lane were ___ to find it crowded with lorries.
A map is described as evidence from a witness with an ___.

정답

논증, 태도, 함축

c) Maps reflect choices about what is worth recording그는 지도가 세상을 내다보는 창이 아니라 무엇이 기억될 가치가 있는지에 대한 결정이라고 말합니다.
b) They were the rocks that had wrecked ships그는 그들이 배를 침몰시킨 바위를 그렸으므로 그 해도가 불운을 기록한다고 말합니다.
c) They did not interest the people paying for the survey그것들은 그 지역에서는 잘 알려져 있었지만 그의 후원자들에게 돈이 되지 않았으므로 지도상으로는 존재하지 않았습니다.
a) A silence can never be put right because the information was never gathered단순화는 더 큰 종이를 쓰면 되돌릴 수 있지만, 침묵은 되돌릴 수 없습니다. 아무도 그 세부 정보를 수집하지 않았기 때문입니다.
b) He accepts it only in part그는 그 반론을 “up to a point”, 즉 어느 정도까지만 받아들인다고 말한 뒤 한 가지 구분을 더 합니다.
c) To show that what a map includes can have real effects on people who were not consulted그 골목은 다른 곳에서 내려진 결정 때문에 지름길이 되었고, 그곳 주민들에게는 의견을 묻지 않았습니다.
a) He thinks it is too strong, because most selection is not intended to deceive그는 거짓말에는 속이려는 의도가 필요하고 대부분의 선택은 습관이나 편의에서 나오기 때문에 그 단어를 거부합니다.
d) Ask who made it, for whom, and what is missing그는 누가, 누구를 위해 그 지도를 만들었는지, 그리고 빠진 것을 포함했다면 그들이 무엇을 잃었을지 물어보라고 권합니다.

핵심 세부 사항

three / 3강사는 그가 모래톱에서 세 번의 여름을 보냈다고 말합니다.
useless오래된 농담은 그런 지도는 쓸모가 없을 것이라는 내용입니다.
shortcut / short cut강사는 그것이 부차적인 것에서 지름길로 승격되었다고 말합니다.
bemused그는 그들이 갑작스러운 교통량에 어리둥절했다고 말합니다.
interest그는 지도를 이해관계가 있는 증인이 내놓은 훌륭한 증거라고 부르며 끝맺습니다.

스크립트

Professor Lindqvist: Good morning. Last week I suggested that every map is an argument, and several of you looked at me as though I had said something faintly indecent. So let me defend the claim. A map is not a window onto the world; it is a decision about what deserves to be remembered. Consider the humble coastal chart of the eighteenth century. Its makers did not draw rocks because rocks exist. They drew the rocks that had sunk ships, which is to say they drew a history of misfortune and called it geography.

Professor Lindqvist: Now, the interesting part is what these charts leave blank. A white space on a map is rarely an absence of knowledge. More often it is an absence of interest. The surveyor of a certain northern estuary, whom I shall call Mr Pellham, spent three summers measuring its sandbanks, and then, quite deliberately, drew the inland marshes as a pale, featureless wash. The marshes were well known to every local fisherman. They simply earned no money for his patrons, and so, on paper, they were not there.

Professor Lindqvist: You might object that this is merely a matter of scale. A map as large as the territory would be useless, as the old joke goes, and omission is the price of usefulness. I accept that, up to a point. But there is a difference between a simplification and a silence, and critical cartography begins with learning to tell them apart. A simplification can be reversed: give me a larger sheet and I will add the detail. A silence cannot, because nobody ever collected the detail in the first place.

Professor Lindqvist: Let me offer a modern parallel, since I'm told that anything older than a decade strikes you as antique. Navigation applications now choose routes for millions of drivers, and they quietly favour wide, fast roads. Residents of a narrow lane in a hill town I visited were bemused to find their street suddenly crowded with lorries. Nothing had changed on the ground. The lane had merely been promoted, by an algorithm, from an afterthought to a shortcut, and nobody had asked those who lived there whether they wished to be a shortcut.

Student: Professor, doesn't that make every map a kind of lie? If it's all selection, how can we trust any of them?

Professor Lindqvist: A fair question, though I would resist the word lie. A lie requires an intention to deceive, whereas most selection is made out of habit, convenience, or the wishes of whoever is paying. The remedy is not distrust but literacy. Ask who made the map, for whom, and what they would have lost by including the thing that is missing. Do that, and a map stops being a verdict and becomes what it always was: a very good piece of evidence, from a witness with an interest. And be wary of any map that looks perfectly confident.