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上級試験スキル：書き換え問題（key word transformation）
名前:日付:
一般的な上級試験形式の独自の練習で、公式のテストではありません。与えられた語を使って文を書き換え、意味が最も近い文を選びます。
2 つ目の文を完成させる
2 つ目の文を、1 つ目の文と同じ意味になるように完成させてください。大文字の語は変えずに使い、抜けている語だけを、合計 2 語から 5 語で書いてください。
- It was only when the lights went out that Mina noticed the noise. (NOTICE) Not until the lights went out ___ the noise.
- I regret not asking for advice before I signed the contract. (ASKED) I wish I ___ for advice before signing the contract.
- People think that the committee made an error. (THOUGHT) The committee ___ an error.
- They never expected the project to be finished so quickly. (EXPECT) Never ___ the project to be finished so quickly.
- Ravi was tired, but he kept working. (AS) Tired ___ was, Ravi kept working.
- The manager did not approve the plan because the budget was too small. (HAD) The manager would have approved the plan ___ larger.
- I am sure Jamal did not intend to upset you. (MEANT) Jamal ___ to upset you.
- Lena realised how tired she was as soon as she sat down. (SOONER) No ___ down than she realised how tired she was.
意味が最も近いもの
与えられた文と意味が最も近い文を選んでください。
- Hardly anyone turned up to the lecture.
- She might as well have stayed at home.
- Omar is not the sort of person to complain.
- The plan fell through.
- I couldn't help laughing.
- Had it not been for Aiko, we would have missed the deadline.
解答
2 つ目の文を完成させる
- did Mina notice / did mina notice文頭の Not until は倒置を必要とします。did + 主語 + 動詞の原形。
- had asked / 'd asked / had asked someone / 'd asked someone過去の後悔についての願望には、過去完了を使います。had asked. I wish の後で自分の過去の行動について would have asked は使いません。
- is thought to have made / is thought to have committed過去の出来事についての報告の受動態は、is thought + to have + 過去分詞です。
- did they expect / had they expected文頭の Never は倒置を必要とします。Did they expect は 1 つ目の文の過去形をそのまま保ちます。had they expected も可能です。
- as he形容詞 + as + 主語 + be の構造は譲歩を表します。Tired as he was. 文の後ろで Ravi の名前が出てくるので、he を使います。
- had the budget been / if the budget had beenこれは過去についての第 3 条件文です。if 節は倒置（had the budget been）にすることも、if を保つ（if the budget had been）こともできます。
- can't have meant / cannot have meant / couldn't have meant / could not have meant / can't possibly have meant / cannot possibly have meant / couldn't possibly have meant / could not possibly have meant / certainly never meant / definitely never meant過去の否定的な可能性についての強い確信は、can't（または couldn't）have + 過去分詞で表します。Certainly never meant も可能です。
- sooner had she sat / sooner had lena sat / sooner did she sit / sooner did lena sitNo sooner は倒置を伴い、通常は過去完了（had she sat）を使い、後に than が続きます。No sooner did she sit も可能です。
意味が最も近いもの
- b) Almost nobody attended the lecture.Hardly anyone は「ほとんど誰も〜ない」という意味で、文字どおりの「誰も〜ない」ではありません。
- c) Going out achieved nothing, so staying at home would have been just as good.Might as well は、もう一方の選択肢に利点がなかったことを示唆します。
- a) Omar complains very rarely, if at all.Not the sort of person to は性格の特徴を表します。彼は普通なら不満を言わないでしょう。
- b) The plan failed to go ahead.Fall through は「取り決めがうまくいかず、実現しない」という意味です。
- d) I was unable to stop myself laughing.Couldn't help + -ing は「何かをするのを自分で止められない」という意味です。
- d) Thanks to Aiko, we met the deadline.Had it not been for は、彼女の助けがなければ結果は違っていただろうという意味なので、私たちは締め切りに間に合いました。